Studies have shown that the run-up pattern differed between strategies. According to Kuhn , ball speed could also distinguish strategies. Those authors found that those penalty takers who use a keeper-dependent strategy spend more time looking at the goalkeeper throughout the run-up and kick execution than penalty takers who use a keeper-independent strategy.
The low value in the variable non-kicking foot orientation can be explained by the small size of the object of interest compared to the large volume that contains the necessary elements for recording a penalty kick. Although a minimum level of video pixel resolution is required as inclusion criterion for this study, this is not sufficient for precise observations.
Despite having clear definitions in the proposed system, judgments here may be influenced by the sporting experience of each observer or the former playing position e. The same does hold for the other variables with low kappa values e. Typically, these variables require a subjective interpretation but are so far only accessible with observational methods.
However, the values regarding the level of intra- and inter-observer agreement reached in this study showed that the instrument is reliable when used by trained observers, meeting the minimum thresholds proposed by Altman A novelty of this study is the inclusion of viewing angle analysis and video standardization.
To the best of our knowledge, there is no other study yet that has included this type of specification for notational studies applied to penalty kick analysis in elite football. The description and standardization of the viewing angles and video quality allow the reproducibility of the instrument and reduce human error. Results indicate that for an optimum penalty kick analysis a combination of at least 3 different viewing angles of the same penalty is recommended.
The pitch-level viewing angle behind the penalty taker d , aerial viewing angle behind the penalty taker c , and pitch-level viewing angle behind the goalkeeper e are the best viewing angles for observation analysis according to a panel of 20 experts in sports science. The change of viewing angles plays an important role in notational analysis, as it may influence the perception of the observer.
Depending on the positioning and setting of cameras, recordings may literally provide a different view or perspective of human activity, confirming, complementing, or contrasting what the researchers themselves can see Todd et al. Additionally, the standardization of video quality is indicated as a prerequisite for notational analysis. Observational studies in football, specifically in the penalty kick situation using video analysis should describe the pattern of viewing angles presentation, the quantity of angles, and video quality, since these settings may have a direct influence on the perception of the observer.
The lack of standardization and indication of this information may compromise the analysis and comparisons of different observational studies. However, it is worth mentioning that the choice of the viewing angles might depend on the research question.
The present methodological design containing a three-study concept made it possible to have a practical approach to the proposed instrument through the pilot study with high-level football coaches. The main study, including three different dimensions i. Observational systems, such as the present one, are an important methodology to investigate the structure of sports, guide the coaching and training process, design tactical and technical plans, and develop training methods Lames and Hansen, ; Sarmento et al.
A major concern is an extent to which the content of each item of the scale reflects the content domain intended to be measured by the item Randall et al. These variables, once validated, could be employed to complement and validate subjective strategy judgments. Only a small number of performance analysis studies have examined the validation process of observational instruments applied to penalty kicks e.
Future research with the application of the OSPAF is needed to identify penalty kick strategies and the relationship between the variables in the system itself. A larger representative study in different leagues and female football can contribute to the identification of the successful and failure profile in penalty kicks across different levels. Additional studies can use the OSPAF applying technological methods to analyze its variables, such as gaze analysis by tracking instruments, computer techniques for body pose estimation, and machine learning-based video analysis.
Despite the possible limitation that the study was conducted via an extensive questionnaire, the OSPAF enables the differentiation of the technical and tactical behavior of the goalkeeper and penalty taker.
The present instrument is a comprehensive observational system, which contains the most relevant variables for penalty kick analysis validated by experts. The inclusion of observable variables about the penalty taker actions, goalkeeper, context and outcomes, makes the proposed model more complete than most of the others proposed previously.
Reliability has been examined per variable; this standard is sometimes not met in other studies, where the assessment is done for the system as a whole e. The high methodological rigor of this study consolidates the OSPAF as an instrument that integrates the main variables for penalty analysis in top-level football.
Also, evidence for standardization of viewing angles and video quality is presented. Football coaches and match analysts of all levels can use the methodological framework of OSPAF to evaluate and record the penalty kick performance profile of their players throughout the season and using this information for adjusting and improving the coaching process.
The final version of the OSPAF is included as a stand-alone supplementary resource, that can be downloaded by researchers and practitioners. For future observational studies of penalties, it is recommended to use OSPAF as a starting point and to add variables specific to the new topic under scrutiny. The OSPAF evidenced content validity, inter- and intra-reliability for analyzing penalty kicks in football, through the use of a gold standard methodology for instrument validation.
The present study concludes that the final instrument is adequate and consistent for analyzing successful and non-successful penalty kick patterns. Common statistical requirements for the validation of the system presented were met without exception. There are clear operational definitions in the system, and it can be reproduced reliably. The literature gains a validated tool capable of promoting reliable penalty analysis in elite football and provides new guidelines on the standardization of videos in notational systems.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be available from the authors upon request. Written informed consent has not been obtained from the individual s for the publication of any images or potentially identifiable data included in this article, as the data is publically available.
GP and ML contributed to the conception and design of the study. GP and VN organized the database and performed the statistical analysis. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript, read, and approved the presented version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Once the referee has signalled for a penalty kick to be taken, the kick must be taken; if it is not taken the referee may take disciplinary action before signalling again for the kick to be taken. If, before the ball is in play, one of the following occurs: the player taking the penalty kick or a team-mate offends:.
News Go back News. George's Park Go back St. Go back Shop. Tickets Official Shop Wembley St. Whole Game Enables clubs and referees to administer their day to day activities. My Account Log out. Law 14 Penalty Kick. A penalty kick is awarded if a player commits a direct free kick offence inside their penalty area or off the field as part of play as outlined in Laws 12 and The referee would rule this as an act of deliberate unsporting behaviour. The outcome would be the issuance of a yellow caution card and the player loses the chance to have a second shot at goal.
It is one of the lesser known facts about penalty kicks. But, in actuality, yes you can! To be legal, it must be one of the penalties taken within a regular game and not as part of a penalty shootout. You rarely see this type of play in the modern game. But, one or two of the more flamboyant players have used this particular penalty kick technique.
In most cases, they did it to get a teammate on the scoresheet. An Example : The shooter kicks the ball forward from the penalty mark a few yards or so. One of his teammates runs into the box after they kicked the ball. They shoot the ball into the back of the net - resulting in a goal! That is how some of the most memorable penalties work in football.
It's risky Even though the simple answer is yes, it would only count under certain circumstances. The penalty must be one taken during a normal game not a shootout. First, the ball must first make contact with another player e. Once that happens, yes Note : A ball rebounding off the post would not always count. After it rebounds, the ball must touch some other player before you can score.
The aim was to lower the pressure bestowed on the side that would always take the second kick in a shootout. In the previous system, teams would take turns in a shootout. A coin toss would determine the choice of which team shoots first.
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